We can use 'will have done' to talk about what will have been achieved by a certain moment in time.

• We'll have been in these offices for eight years next month.
• She'll have visited ten countries in twelve days by the time she gets back.
• I'll have finished this project by Friday.

If we want to emphasize the continuity of the activity, we can use the continuous form.

• I'll have been working here for 35 years by the time I retire.
• She'll have been driving for more than fifteen hours straight by the time she gets here.
• They'll have been working with us for 15 years by the end of this year.

We can use 'will be doing' to talk about something that will be in progress at a particular moment in the future.

• This time next week, I'll be sitting on the beach in Barbados.
• I'll be thinking about you all back in the office – and I'll be laughing.
• We'll be enjoying ourselves too, boss. We won't be doing any work while you are not here.

We can use 'will be doing' to talk about future events that are fixed or decided.

• I'll be visiting your country on a regular basis. In fact, I'm going to be coming next month.
• He'll be looking after the factory until we can appoint a new manager.
• They'll be thinking about this very carefully over the next few months.

We can use 'could have'  to talk about something somebody was capable of doing but didn't do.

• I could have gone to Oxford University but I preferred Harvard.
• She could have married him but she didn't want to.
• They could have bought a house here 20 years ago but chose not to.

Often, there is a sense of criticism.

• You could have phoned me to let me know.
• They could have helped me instead of just sitting there.
•  I could have done more to help you. Sorry.

We can use 'couldn't have' to talk about something we were not capable of doing.

• I couldn't have managed without you.
• I couldn't have got the job. He was always going to appoint his nephew.
• I couldn't have enjoyed myself more. Thank you for a lovely day.

We can use 'could have' to speculate about what has happened. (We can also use 'may have' or 'might have' in these situations.)

We can use 'should have' to talk about past events that did not happen.

• I should have let her know what was happening but I forgot.
• He should have sent everybody a reminder by email.
• They should have remembered that their guests don't eat pork.

We can also use 'should have' to speculate about events that may or may not have happened.

• She should have got the letter this morning. I expect she'll give us a call about it later.
• He should have arrived at his office by now. Let's try ringing him.
• They should have all read that first email by this stage. It's time to send the next one.
  

If you 'have something done', you get somebody else to do something for you.

• I'm going to have my hair cut.
• She's having her house redecorated.
• I'm having a copy of the report sent to you

In informal English, we can replace 'have' by 'get'.

• We're getting a new telephone system installed.
• They will be getting the system repaired as quickly as they can.
• I got the bill sent direct to the company.

'Supposed to be' can be used to mean 'it is said/believed'.

• The new James Bond movie is supposed to be excellent.
• He is supposed to have been rude to Mark but I don't believe it.
• It is supposed to be the best restaurant in town.

'Supposed to be' can also be used to talk about what is arranged, intended or expected. It is a bit like 'should'.

• I'm supposed to get to work by 8.
• John is supposed to turn off all the lights when he leaves.
• I'm supposed to pay my rent on the first of the month.
• It's not supposed to be here.

We often use  'suppose' to mean 'imagine' or 'guess'

• I suppose you'll be meeting Danielle when you go to Paris?
• When you weren't there, I supposed you must have been held up.
• I suppose you two know each other?

Notice that 'suppose' is not normally used in the continuous form. We do not usually say 'I am supposing'.

• Now I suppose we'll have to do something else.
• We're waiting for John and I suppose he must be stuck in traffic.
• At this moment I suppose it doesn't matter.
  

We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English.

They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a comment and so keep the conversation open.

Making a tag is very mechanical. To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no auxiliary, use do, does or did. With a positive sentence, make a negative tag and with a negative sentence, make a positive tag.

• It's beautiful, isn't it?
• He has been, hasn't he?
• You can, can't you?
• It must be, mustn't it?
• You know him, don’t you?
• He finished it, didn't he?
• He will come, won't he?
• It isn't very good, is it?
• It hasn't rained, has it?
• It can't be, can it?
• Jenny doesn't know James, does she?
• They didn't leave, did they?
• He won’t do it, will he?

Notice these:

In the section Questions 1, we looked at how to ask direct questions. To make a question, we invert the order of the subject and the first auxiliary verb.

• Where is Johnny?
• Has he found it yet?

If there is no auxiliary, use part of the verb 'to do'. For example:

• What time did he arrive?
• How often do you play tennis?

However, when we ask for information, we often say 'Do you know…?' or 'Could you tell me….?' These are indirect questions and more polite.

The basic rule for asking questions in English is straightforward: Invert the order of the subject and the first auxiliary verb.

• It is snowing. = Is it snowing?
• He can speak German. = Can he speak German?
• They have lived here a long time. = Have they lived here a long time?
• She will arrive at ten o'clock. = Will she arrive at ten o'clock?
• He was driving fast. = Was he driving fast?
• You have been smoking. = Have you been smoking?

If there is no auxiliary, use part of the verb 'to do'.

• You speak fluent French. = Do you speak fluent French?
• She lives in Brussels. = Does she live in Brussels?
• They lived in Manchester. = Did they live in Manchester?
• He had an accident. = Did he have an accident?

Used to do

We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.

• I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
• Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't.
• I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.

We also use it for something that was true but  no longer is.

• There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't.
• She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off.
• I didn't use to like him but now I do.

'Used to do' is different from 'to be used to doing' and 'to get used to doing'

to be used to doing

We use 'to be used to doing' to say that something is normal, not unusual.

• I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
• Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the left now.
• They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here.

to get used to doing

We use 'to get used to doing' to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.

• I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it.
• She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day.
• I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city.

We use “had better” plus the infinitive without “to”  to give advice. Although “had” is the past form of “have”, we use “had better” to give advice about the present or future.

• You'd better tell her everything.
• I'd better get back to work.
• We'd better meet early.

The negative form is “had better not”.

• You'd better not say anything.
• I'd better not come.
• We'd better not miss the start of his presentation.

We use “had better” to give advice about specific situations, not general ones. If you want to talk about general situations, you must use “should”.

Let's start off with the easy part. ' I wish to' can mean the same as 'I want to' but it is much, much more formal and much, much less common.

• I wish to make a complaint.
• I wish to see the manager.

You can also use 'wish' with a noun to 'offer good wishes'.

• I wish you all the best in your new job.
• We wish you a merry Christmas.
  

Notice that when you want to offer good wishes using a verb, you must use 'hope ' and not 'wish'.

• We wish you the best of luck.
• We hope you have the best of luck.
• I wish you a safe and pleasant journey.
• I hope you have a safe and pleasant journey.

However, the main use of 'wish' is to say that we would like things to be different from what they are, that we have regrets about the present situation.

• I wish I was rich.
• He wishes he lived in Paris.
• They wish they'd chosen a different leader.

We can use the Third Conditional to talk about 'impossible' conditions, impossible because they are in the past and we cannot change what has happened.

• If I had worked harder at school, I would have got better grades.
• If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. But I didn't have time.
• If we had bought that house, we would have had to rebuild the kitchen.
• If we had caught the earlier train, we would have got there on time but we were late.

The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.

• If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.
• If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
• If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.
• If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease.

Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .)

• If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.
• If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.
• If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.

We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.

• If we take John, he'll be really pleased.
• If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.
• If they tell us they want it, we'll have to give it to them.
• If Mary comes, she'll want to drive.

The 'if' clause can be used with different present forms.

• If I go to New York again, I'll buy you a souvenir from the Empire State Building.
• If he's feeling better, he'll come.
• If she hasn't heard the bad news yet, I'll tell her.

When we talk about things that are generally or always true, we can use:

If/When/Unless plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative

• If he gets there before me, ask him to wait.
• When you fly budget airline, you have to pay for your drinks and snacks.
• Unless you need more space, a small car is big enough for one person.

Note that we are not talking about a specific event but something which is generally true.

We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.

• There's no heating on. You must be freezing.
• You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
• I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.
• It must be nice to live in Florida.

We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.)

• I must go to bed earlier.
• They must do something about it.
• You must come and see us some time.
• I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.

We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.

• I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.
• We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.
• You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.
• I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.

• I've got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine.
• We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room.

We can also use ' will have to' to talk about strong obligations. Like 'must' this usually means that that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary. (Remember that 'will' is often used to show 'willingness'.)

• I'll have to speak to him.
• We'll have to have lunch and catch up on all the gossip.
• They'll have to do something about it.
• I'll have to get back to you on that.

As you can see, the differences between the present forms are sometimes very small and very subtle. However, there is a huge difference in the negative forms.

• We use 'mustn't' to express strong obligations NOT to do something.
• We mustn't talk about it. It's confidential.
• I mustn't eat chocolate. It's bad for me.
• You mustn't phone me at work. We aren't allowed personal calls.
• They mustn't see us talking or they'll suspect something.

We can use 'should' after 'reporting verbs' such as
demand  insist  propose  recommend  suggest

• He demanded that we should pay for the repair.
• She insisted that she should pay for the meal.
• I have proposed that he should take charge of the organization.
• The committee recommends that Jane should be appointed.
• We have suggested that Michael should be given a reward for his hard work.

However, it is also possible to say exactly the same thing by omitting the 'should' and just using the infinitive form without 'to' . Some people call this the 'subjunctive' form.

• He demanded that we pay for the repair.
• She insisted that she pay for the meal.
• I have proposed that he take charge of the organization.
• The committee recommends that Jane be appointed.
• We have suggested that Michael be given a reward for his hard work.

We can use 'should' after various adjectives. Typical examples are :
funny  interesting  natural  odd  strange  surprised  surprising  typical

• It's funny that you should say that. I was thinking exactly the same thing.
• It's interesting that they should offer him the job. Not an obvious choice.
• It's natural that you should be anxious. Nobody likes speaking in public.
• Isn't it odd that he should be going to the same tiny hotel? What a coincidence.
• It's strange that you should think so. Nobody else does.

We use 'should' for giving advice.

• You should speak to him about it.
• He should see a doctor.
• We should ask a lawyer.

We use 'should' to give an opinion or a recommendation.

• He should resign now.
• We should invest more in Asia.
• They should do something about this terrible train service.

'Should' expresses a personal opinion and is much weaker and more personal than 'must' or 'have to'. It is often introduced by ' I think'.

• I think they should replace him.
• I don't think they should keep the contract.
• Do you think we should tell her.